How will social distancing and new practices change real estate, facilities management and the use of buildings?
COVID-19 will change real estate practices and how we use buildings - during the cautious present re-opening of gathering places whilst the virus remains a threat; and possibly for the longer term. Alexi Marmot (University College London) considers some implications for the built environment, particularly the operation of our workplaces, schools, healthcare environments, retail centres and cities. Will the role of facilities manager be re-defined and given more prominence?
From today’s perspective, 2019 seems a time of innocence, a time when one greeted people warmly with a handshake, perhaps an embrace, a peck on the cheek - or several, depending on local culture. Last year was a time when people passed close to others without hesitation or fear. When, in lectures, theatres, concerts and festivals, restaurants and coffee shops, weddings and sports matches, strangers sat comfortably adjacent to one another or squeezed together into the last bit of space on peak hour trains and buses. It was a time when places on international flights, ferries, cruise-liners and hotels were full. When roads, schools and workplaces filled up every morning and emptied out at day’s end.
In 2020, long ingrained social rituals actioned during the course of everyday life have been overturned by COVID-19 as we concentrate on following new behaviours. Patterns of everyday life have been revolutionised. Travel is avoided or minimised. Work, school, shopping and play are performed online when possible. For much of the world, homes have reverted to patterns of old becoming again the focus of most of life – albeit now aided by tools of instant digital communication enabling virtual contact with the rest of the world – at least for those who can afford access to the internet, digital tools, and electricity.
Important scientific findings that help engineers, FMs and others to determine how to use our buildings include the longevity of the virus on different surfaces, that informs appropriate use of materials, cleaning routines and the use of PPE (personal protective equipment). The distance that the virus and droplets can spread in the air dictate social distancing, use of protective screens, airflow and control of air conditioning.
What implications for the built environment flow from drawing together what we know of the virus, with our understanding of architecture, interior and urban design, and the operation of our workplaces, schools, health environments, retail centres and cities?
Lower occupational density
After years of seeking greater efficiency and cost reduction in the ways we occupy buildings, particularly offices, higher densities and lack of individual space ‘ownership’ have been increasingly accepted by landlords, tenants and employees. The virus subverts that idea. It demands increased distance between people, so lower occupational densities are needed for the next few years as the initial, then subsequent peaks of COVID-19 infections and deaths, are brought under control.
Digital monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI)
Apart from test/trace/isolate, greater use will be made of digital tools to monitor and control people flows at entrances, within buildings, within specific areas, eg WCs, in elevators, stairways, on transport, and in the external public realm. Development of more apps and devices will allow individuals to plan ahead what they do, where and when, based on real-time information, for example, when to avoid crowded transport and where to avoid hotspots.
Communication and trust
With so much change and uncertainty both in COVID-19 lock-down and re-entry, people need to trust that their governments, their employers, and other figures of authority in all walks of life are making reasonable decisions to protect them. These decisions need to balance scientific and medical knowledge with an understanding of economics, and especially of human behaviour, social and personal needs. On entering public transport, schools, shops, factories, and offices, people need to feel assured that intelligent decisions underlie their operation and actions as well as those of people around them. We all need to believe that we are not endangering our own health, and that building owners and tenants, facility managers and operators are carefully following the recommended regimes for managing air flow, cleaning, and controlling people movement and spacing. Clear communication about what to do, when and why, is essential, especially when ingrained patterns of behaviour are overturned and much personal and social sacrifice is involved.
Importance of FM
From being perceived as ‘non-core’ services readily outsourced to specialist suppliers, and performed by low-paid staff, facility management services have become business critical. Spending on FM staff, services and products will increase, especially for cleaning and disinfecting, plus security and surveillance to restrict overcrowding and control movement. Indoor air quality needs to be monitored even more carefully than pre-virus, for example requiring that more fresh air is introduced and that airflow avoids spreading the virus from person to person.
Social distancing, time shifts, adaptive re-use
As the virus is supressed, which might take several years, it will be possible to phase social distance within buildings from the currently adopted 2m in the UK to 1.5 or 1m, permitting more people to be accommodated during one time period. Until then, different shifts will be needed to permit buildings to serve the same number of users as before the virus struck, coupled with adaptive reuse of empty or under-used spaces. The rapid creation of Nightingale Hospitals by re-purposing and adapting exhibition and convention centres across the UK is an impressive demonstration of what can be done, for example to provide extra space for socially distanced schools and kindergartens.
Real estate change
Changes in real estate will follow the economic collapses caused by the virus, lockdown, and changed consumer behaviours. This may encourage:
COVID-19 has crowded out most other news – while also creating a febrile atmosphere in which unrelated but previously unpopular ideas have become acceptable. A few months ago, a pandemic that would lead governments to halt large swathes of economic activity and stop private actions such as visiting family was unimaginable. Even more incredible was the idea of government in nations committed to the free market stepping in to guarantee salaries of furloughed workers – yet both have now happened in many countries. Perhaps it also offers a time for reimagining our buildings, our cities, our infrastructure.
Never let a good crisis go to waste
Winston Churchill is quoted as saying: “Never let a good crisis go to waste.” COVID-19 comes during a period of dangerous global warming, with increasing future dangers for life on earth. And we now fully understand the contribution of the built environment and transportation to climate change. Having experienced in lockdown a period when digital communications replaced many journeys and flights, evoking a quieter, more local, more caring, less frenetic world, with clearer skies, less pollution and significantly reduced carbon consumption, it would be negligent unthinkingly to revert to former patterns.
Globalisation has provided the benefits of an interconnected world with products assembled from components manufactured in several countries – but with side effects of high energy use and emissions from cargo flights and shipping. The virus has further revealed that lack of local production capacity (e.g. for PPE) can make populations vulnerable when transportation or supply chains are disrupted. Better contingency planning including local sourcing may be a worthwhile investment for the future.
Changes in some practices and behaviours may be desirable over the longer term. We could from now on use digital tools by default whenever possible. Travel is too precious to be used daily, by rote. It could be saved for times when it really matters, when people really need to access special tools, equipment, laboratories, experiences. When bonding and direct face-to-face engagement with colleagues, or between schoolchildren, or between pupils and their teachers, live performers and their audience, really add value.
Evaluating mitigation strategies for building stocks against absolute climate targets
L Hvid Horup, P K Ohms, M Hauschild, S R B Gummidi, A Q Secher, C Thuesen, M Ryberg
Equity and justice in urban coastal adaptation planning: new evaluation framework
T Okamoto & A Doyon
Normative future visioning: a critical pedagogy for transformative adaptation
T Comelli, M Pelling, M Hope, J Ensor, M E Filippi, E Y Menteşe & J McCloskey
Suburban climate adaptation governance: assumptions and imaginaries affecting peripheral municipalities
L Cerrada Morato
Urban shrinkage as a catalyst for transformative adaptation
L Mabon, M Sato & N Mabon
Maintaining a city against nature: climate adaptation in Beira
J Schubert
Ventilation regulations and occupant practices: undetectable pollution and invisible extraction
J Few, M Shipworth & C Elwell
Nature for resilience reconfigured: global- to-local translation of frames in Africa
K Rochell, H Bulkeley & H Runhaar
How hegemonic discourses of sustainability influence urban climate action
V Castán Broto, L Westman & P Huang
Fabric first: is it still the right approach?
N Eyre, T Fawcett, M Topouzi, G Killip, T Oreszczyn, K Jenkinson & J Rosenow
Gender and the heat pump transition
J Crawley, F Wade & M de Wilde
Social value of the built environment [editorial]
F Samuel & K Watson
Understanding demolition [editorial]
S Huuhka
Data politics in the built environment [editorial]
A Karvonen & T Hargreaves
European building passports: developments, challenges and future roles
M Buchholz & T Lützkendorf
Decision-support for selecting demolition waste management strategies
M van den Berg, L Hulsbeek & H Voordijk
Assessing social value in housing design: contributions of the capability approach
J-C Dissart & L Ricaurte
Electricity consumption in commercial buildings during Covid-19
G P Duggan, P Bauleo, M Authier, P A Aloise-Young, J Care & D Zimmerle
Disruptive data: historicising the platformisation of Dublin’s taxi industry
J White & S Larsson
Impact of 2050 tree shading strategies on building cooling demands
A Czekajlo, J Alva, J Szeto, C Girling & R Kellett
Social values and social infrastructures: a multi-perspective approach to place
A Legeby & C Pech
Resilience of racialized segregation is an ecological factor: Baltimore case study
S T A Pickett, J M Grove, C G Boone & G L Buckley
Latest Commentaries
Time to Question Demolition!
André Thomsen (Delft University of Technology) comments on the recent Buildings & Cities special issue ‘Understanding Demolition’ and explains why this phenomenon is only beginning to be understood more fully as a social and behavioural set of issues. Do we need an epidemiology of different demolition rates?
Where are Women of Colour in Urban Planning?
Safaa Charafi asks: is it possible to decolonialise the planning profession to create more inclusive and egalitarian urban settings? It is widely accepted that cities are built by men for other men. This male domination in urban planning results in cities that often do not adequately address challenges encountered by women or ethnic and social minorities. Although efforts are being taken to include women in urban planning, women of colour are still under-represented in many countries, resulting in cities that often overlook their needs.